Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by?

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by?

• A. Insulin resistance or damaged beta cells unable to produce sufficient insulin
• B. No insulin production
• C. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
• D. Excess glucagon production

Answer: (A)

Type 2 diabetes is defined by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and liver together with progressive dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells that prevents enough insulin from being produced to overcome that resistance. In this state, the body's tissues don’t respond well to insulin, and the beta cells can’t compensate by increasing insulin output sufficiently, especially as obesity and genetics drive insulin resistance. Early on, insulin levels may be normal or even high, but over time insulin production declines as beta-cell function worsens, leading to hyperglycemia. This differs from conditions where there is no insulin production or autoimmune destruction of beta cells, which describe Type 1 diabetes. Excess glucagon can worsen high blood sugar, but it’s not the defining feature of Type 2.

Type 2 diabetes is defined by insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and liver together with progressive dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells that prevents enough insulin from being produced to overcome that resistance. In this state, the body's tissues don’t respond well to insulin, and the beta cells can’t compensate by increasing insulin output sufficiently, especially as obesity and genetics drive insulin resistance. Early on, insulin levels may be normal or even high, but over time insulin production declines as beta-cell function worsens, leading to hyperglycemia. This differs from conditions where there is no insulin production or autoimmune destruction of beta cells, which describe Type 1 diabetes. Excess glucagon can worsen high blood sugar, but it’s not the defining feature of Type 2.